Makore gumi apfuura, mafoni aiwanzo tsigira mashoma mashoma anoshanda mune ina GSM frequency mabhendi, uye pamwe mashoma WCDMA kana CDMA2000 zviyero. Nemabhendi mashoma emhando yekusarudza kubva, imwe dhigirii yekufanana kwepasi rose yave kuwanikwa nemafoni e "quad-band" GSM, anoshandisa 850/900/1800/1900 1900 MHz mabhendi uye anogona kushandiswa chero pasirese (zvakanaka, zvakanaka kwazvo).
Iyi ibhenefiti yakakura kune vafambi uye inogadzira hupfumi hukuru hwezviyero zvevagadziri vemidziyo, avo vanongoda kuburitsa mashoma modhi (kana pamwe imwe chete) yemusika wepasi rose. Nekukurumidza kusvika nhasi, GSM inoramba iri iyo chete isina waya yekuwana tekinoroji inopa kutenderera kwepasirese. Nenzira, kana iwe usingazive, GSM iri kubviswa zvishoma nezvishoma.
Chero smartphone inokodzera zita rinofanirwa kutsigira 4G, 3G uye 2G kuwana ine akasiyana RF interface zvinodiwa maererano nebandwidth, kufambisa simba, inogamuchira senitivity uye mamwe akawanda ma paramita.
Uyezve, nekuda kwekuwanikwa kwakakamukana kwepasi rose, zviyero zve4G zvinovhara nhamba huru yemabhandi efrequency, saka vashandisi vanogona kuzvishandisa pane chero ma frequency anowanikwa munzvimbo ipi neipi - parizvino 50 mabhendi akazara, sezvazvakaita neLTE1 zviyero. Yechokwadi "foni yenyika" inofanirwa kushanda munzvimbo dzese idzi.
Dambudziko rakakosha iro chero nharembozha inofanirwa kugadzirisa ndeye "duplex kutaurirana". Patinotaura, tinoteerera panguva imwe chete. Maredhiyo ekutanga aishandisa push-to-talk (vamwe vachiri kuita), asi patinotaura parunhare, tinotarisira kuti mumwe munhu ativhiringe. Chizvarwa chekutanga (analog) nharembozha dzakashandisa "duplex mafirita" (kana duplexers) kugamuchira iyo downlink pasina "kukatyamadzwa" nekufambisa iyo uplink pane imwe frequency.
Kuita kuti mafirita aya ave madiki uye akachipa raive dambudziko guru kune vekutanga kugadzira mafoni. Apo GSM yakatangwa, protocol yakagadzirwa kuitira kuti transceivers inogona kushanda mu "half duplex mode".
Iyi yaive nzira yakangwara yekubvisa duplexers, uye yaive chinhu chikuru mukubatsira GSM kuve yakaderera-inodhura, yakajairika tekinoroji inokwanisa kutonga indasitiri (uye kushandura nzira iyo vanhu vanotaurirana mukuita).
Iyo Essential foni kubva kuna Andy Rubin, muvambi weiyo Android inoshanda sisitimu, inoratidzira ichangoburwa yekubatanidza maficha anosanganisira Bluetooth 5.0LE, akasiyana GSM/LTE uye Wi-Fi antenna yakavanzwa mutitanium furemu.
Nehurombo, izvo zvidzidzo zvakadzidzwa kubva mukugadzirisa matambudziko ehunyanzvi zvakakurumidza kukanganwika muhondo dzetekinoroji dzemazuva ekutanga e3G, uye iyo parizvino inotonga fomu yefrequency division duplexing (FDD) inoda duplexer kune yega FDD bhendi yainoshanda mairi. Hapana mubvunzo kuti iyo LTE boom inouya nekukwira kwemitengo yezvinhu.
Nepo mamwe mabhendi achigona kushandisa Time Division Duplex, kana TDD (apo redhiyo inokurumidza kuchinja pakati pekutumira nekugamuchira), mashoma emabhendi aya aripo. Vazhinji vashandisi (kunze kwekunyanya vekuAsia) vanosarudza iyo FDD renji, iyo ine anopfuura makumi matatu.
Nhaka yeTDD neFDD spectrum, kuoma kwekusunungura zvikwata zvepasi rose zvechokwadi, uye kuuya kwe5G ine mabhendi akawanda kunoita kuti dambudziko reduplex rinyanye kuoma. Nzira dzinovimbisa dziri pasi pekuferefeta dzinosanganisira mitsva yemasefa-yakavakirwa madhizaini uye kugona kubvisa kuzvipindira.
Iyo yekupedzisira inounzawo neimwe nzira inovimbisa ye "fragmentless" duplex (kana "mu-bhendi yakazara duplex"). Mune ramangwana re5G nharembozha, isu tingangofunga kwete FDD neTDD chete, asiwo inochinjika duplex zvichibva pamatekinoroji matsva aya.
Vatsvagiri vepaAalborg University kuDenmark vakagadzira “Smart Antenna Front End” (SAFE)2-3 architecture inoshandisa (ona mufananidzo uri papeji 18) anopatsanura antennas ekutapurirana uye kugashira uye anosanganisa maantenna aya ne (yakaderera kuita) musanganiswa nezvinogoneka. kusefa kuti uwane iyo yaunoda kutapurirana uye yekugashira yakasarudzika.
Nepo kuita kwacho kuchinakidza, kudiwa kwemaantenna maviri ihombe yekudzosera kumashure. Sezvo mafoni anowedzera kutetepa uye kupfava, nzvimbo iripo yeantennas iri kuita diki nediki.
Nharembozha dzinodawo akawanda antennas e spatial multiplexing (MIMO). Nharembozha dzine SAFE architecture uye 2 × 2 MIMO tsigiro inoda mana antenna chete. Uye zvakare, iyo yekutarisa huwandu hweaya mafirita uye antenna ishoma.
Saka nharembozha dzepasirese dzinozodawo kudzokorora dhizaini iyi yekuvharisa mabhendi ese eLTE frequency (450 MHz kusvika 3600 MHz), izvo zvinoda mamwe antenna, mamwe antenna tuner uye mamwe mafirita, izvo zvinotidzosera kumibvunzo inowanzo bvunzwa nezve. multi-bhendi kushanda nekuda kwekudzokorora kwezvikamu.
Kunyangwe mamwe antennas achigona kuisirwa muhwendefa kana laptop, kumwe kufambira mberi mukugadzirisa uye/kana miniaturization kunodiwa kuti tekinoroji iyi ikwane kune mafoni.
Magetsi akaenzana duplex ave achishandiswa kubva pamazuva ekutanga ewaya telephony17. Mune nharembozha, maikorofoni uye munzeve wenzeve zvinofanirwa kunge zvakabatana netambo yefoni, asi zvakaparadzana kubva kune mumwe nemumwe kuitira kuti izwi remushandisi wega rirege kudzima iyo isina kusimba inopinda inonzwika chiratidzo. Izvi zvakawanikwa pachishandiswa mahybrid transformers kusati kwave nekuuya kwemafoni emagetsi.
Duplex redunhu rinoratidzwa mumufananidzo uri pazasi rinoshandisa chinopikisa chehukoshi hwakafanana kuenzanisa iyo impedance yemutsara wekutapurirana kuitira kuti ikozvino kubva kumakrofoni ipatsanuke ichipinda mushanduri uye inoyerera nenzira yakatarisana kuburikidza neyekutanga coil. Iwo magineti fluxes akadzimwa kunze uye hapana ikozvino inonyudzwa mune yechipiri coil, saka yechipiri coil inoparadzaniswa nemakrofoni.
Nekudaro, iyo chiratidzo kubva kumakrofoni ichiri kuenda kumutsara wefoni (kunyangwe nekumwe kurasikirwa), uye chiratidzo chinopinda pamutsara wefoni chichiri kuenda kune mukurukuri (zvakare nekumwe kurasikirwa), zvichibvumira nzira mbiri kutaurirana pamutsara mumwe chete wefoni. . . Metal waya.
A radio balanced duplexer yakafanana nefoni duplexer, asi pachinzvimbo chemaikorofoni, handset, uye waya yenhare, transmitter, receiver, uye antenna zvinoshandiswa, zvichiteerana, sezvakaratidzwa muFigure B.
Nzira yechitatu yekuparadzanisa inotapurirana kubva kune inogamuchira ndeyekubvisa kupindira (SI), nekudaro kubvisa iyo inotapurirwa chiratidzo kubva kune yakagamuchirwa chiratidzo. Maitiro ejamming akashandiswa mu radar uye kutepfenyura kwemakumi emakore.
Semuyenzaniso, mukutanga 1980s, Plessy akagadzira uye akatengesa SI muripo-based chigadzirwa chinonzi "Groundsat" kuwedzera huwandu hwehafu-duplex analog FM emauto ekutaurirana network4-5.
Iyo sisitimu inoshanda senge yakazara-duplex single-channel inodzokorora, ichiwedzera iyo inoshanda huwandu hwehafu-duplex radio inoshandiswa munzvimbo yese yebasa.
Pakave nekufarira kuchangobva kuitika mukuzvipindira-kuzvidzvanyirira, kunyanya nekuda kwemaitiro ekuenda kupfupi-renge yekutaurirana (cellular neWi-Fi), izvo zvinoita kuti dambudziko rekudzvinyirira kweSI rigone kurongeka nekuda kwekuderera kwesimba rekufambisa uye kugamuchirwa kwesimba repamusoro rekushandisa kwevatengi. . Wireless Access uye Backhaul Application 6-8.
Apple's iPhone (nerubatsiro kubva kuQualcomm) zvine nharo ine yakanakisa pasirese isina waya uye LTE kugona, inotsigira gumi nematanhatu LTE mabhendi pane imwechete chip. Izvi zvinoreva kuti maSKU maviri chete anofanirwa kugadzirwa kuvhara misika yeGSM neCDMA.
Mune duplex zvikumbiro pasina kupindirana kugovana, kuzvidzora kudzvanyirira kunogona kuvandudza spectrum kushanda nekubvumira iyo uplink uye downlink kugovera zvakafanana spectrum zviwanikwa9,10. Kuzvipindira kudzvanyirira matekiniki anogona zvakare kushandiswa kugadzira tsika duplexers yeFDD.
Iko kukanzura pachayo kunowanzo kuve nematanho akati wandei. Iyo inotungamira network pakati peantenna neiyo transceiver inopa yekutanga nhanho yekuparadzanisa pakati peiyo inofambiswa uye yakagamuchirwa masaini. Kechipiri, yekuwedzera analog uye yedhijitari siginecha yekugadzirisa inoshandiswa kubvisa chero yakasara ruzha rwemukati muchiratidzo chakagamuchirwa. Danho rekutanga rinogona kushandisa antenna yakaparadzana (sezviri muSAFE), hybrid transformer (inotsanangurwa pazasi);
Dambudziko rema antenna akavharirwa rakatotsanangurwa. Circulator inowanzoita nhete nekuti inoshandisa ferromagnetic resonance mukristaro. Iyi tekinoroji yehybrid, kana Magetsi Balanced Isolation (EBI), inyanzvi inovimbisa tekinoroji inogona kuve yakakura uye inogona kubatanidza pane chip.
Sezvinoratidzwa pamufananidzo uri pazasi, iyo yakangwara antenna yekumberi yekupedzisira dhizaini inoshandisa maviri narrowband tunable antenna, imwe yekutapurirana uye imwe yekugamuchira, uye maviri eakaderera-kuita asi tunable duplex mafirita. Antenna ega ega haangope kumwe kuzviparadzanisa nevamwe pamutengo wekuparadzira kurasikirwa pakati pavo, asi zvakare ane mashoma (asi anogoneka) ipapo ipapo bandwidth.
Iyo antenna yekufambisa inoshanda zvinobudirira chete mubhendi yekufambisa frequency, uye antenna inogashira inoshanda nemazvo chete mubhendi inogashira frequency. Muchiitiko ichi, antenna pachayo inoshandawo sesefa: kunze-kwe-bhendi Tx emissions inoderedzwa neantenna inotumira, uye kuzvipindira mubhendi reTx kunoderedzwa neantenna inogamuchira.
Naizvozvo, iyo dhizaini inoda kuti antenna ibatike, iyo inowanikwa nekushandisa antenna tuning network. Pane kumwe kusingadzivisike kurasikirwa kwekuisa mune antenna tuning network. Nekudaro, kufambira mberi kwazvino muMEMS18 tunable capacitors kwakavandudza zvakanyanya kunaka kwemidziyo iyi, nekudaro kuderedza kurasikirwa. Iyo Rx yekuisa kurasikirwa ingangoita 3 dB, iyo inofananidzwa nekurasikirwa kwese kweiyo SAW duplexer uye switch.
Iyo antenna-yakavakirwa yekuzviparadzanisa inozowedzerwa neinable sefa, zvakare yakavakirwa paMEM3 tunable capacitors, kuwana makumi maviri neshanu dB yekuzviparadzanisa nevamwe kubva kune antenna uye makumi maviri neshanu dB yekuzviparadzanisa nesefa. Prototypes dzakaratidza kuti izvi zvinogona kuwanikwa.
Mapoka akati wandei ekutsvagisa muzvidzidzo nemaindasitiri ari kuongorora mashandisirwo emahybrids e duplex printing11–16. Zvirongwa izvi zvinobvisa SI nekutendera panguva imwe chete kutapurirana uye kugamuchira kubva kune imwechete antenna, asi yekuparadzanisa inotumira uye inogamuchira. Iwo ari Broadband mune zvakasikwa uye anogona kuisirwa pa-chip, ichivaita inoyevedza sarudzo ye frequency duplexing mune nharembozha.
Kufambira mberi kwemazuva ano kwakaratidza kuti FDD transceivers inoshandisa EBI inogona kugadzirwa kubva kuCMOS (Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor) nekurasikirwa kwekuisa, nhamba yeruzha, mutsara wekugamuchira, uye kuvhara maitiro ekudzvinyirira akakodzera kushandiswa kweserura11,12,13. Nekudaro, semienzaniso yakawanda muzvinyorwa zvedzidzo nesainzi zvinoratidza, pane chinodzikisira chinokanganisa kuparadzaniswa kwe duplex.
Iyo impedance yeredhiyo antenna haina kugadzikiswa, asi inosiyana neanoshanda frequency (nekuda kweantenna resonance) uye nguva (nekuda kwekudyidzana nenzvimbo inoshanduka). Izvi zvinoreva kuti kupindirana kwekuenzanisa kunofanira kuenderana nekutsvaga kuchinja kwekuchinja, uye dhidhiyo yekudzivirira inogumira nekuda kwekuchinja kwehuwandu hwehuwandu hwe13 (ona Mufananidzo 1).
Basa redu paYunivhesiti yeBristol rakanangana nekuferefeta nekugadzirisa izvi zvipimo zvekuita kuratidza kuti inodiwa yekutumira/kugashira yekuzviparadzanisa nevamwe uye mabudiro anogona kuwanikwa mumakesi ekushandiswa kwepasirese.
Kukunda kushanduka kweantenna impedance (iyo inokanganisa zvakanyanya kuzviparadzanisa nevamwe), yedu inogadzirisa algorithm inoteedzera antenna impedance munguva chaiyo, uye kuyedza kwakaratidza kuti kuita kunogona kuchengetedzwa munzvimbo dzakasiyana siyana dzine simba, kusanganisira kupindirana kwemushandisi uye mugwagwa unomhanya uye njanji. travel.
Pamusoro pezvo, kuti tikunde iyo shoma antenna inoenderana muiyo frequency domain, nekudaro tichiwedzera bandwidth uye kuparadzaniswa kwese, isu tinosanganisa yemagetsi yakaenzana duplexer nekuwedzera inoshanda SI kudzvinyirira, tichishandisa yechipiri transmitter kugadzira chiratidzo chekudzvinyirira kuti uwedzere kudzvanyirira kupindira. (ona Mufananidzo 2).
Mhedzisiro kubva kutestbed yedu inokurudzira: kana yasanganiswa neEBD, tekinoroji inoshanda inogona kuvandudza zvakanyanya kutapurirana uye kugashira wega, sezvakaratidzwa mumufananidzo 3.
Yedu yekupedzisira murabhoritari setup inoshandisa yakaderera-inodhura nhare mbozha zvinhu (serura magetsi amplifiers uye antennas), ichiiita inomiririra nhare mbozha kuita. Uyezve, zviyero zvedu zvinoratidza kuti rudzi urwu rwematanho maviri-kuzvipindira kwekuramba kunogona kupa iyo inodiwa duplex yekuzviparadzanisa muuplink uye downlink frequency mabhendi, kunyange kana uchishandisa yakaderera-yekutengesa-giredhi michina.
Simba rechiratidzo rinogashirwa nenharembozha pahupamhi hwayo hunofanirwa kunge huine maodha gumi nemaviri ehukuru hwakaderera pane simba rechiratidzo raanotumira. MuTime Division Duplex (TDD), iyo duplex dunhu ingori switch inobatanidza antenna kune transmitter kana inogamuchira, saka iyo duplexer muTDD iri nyore switch. MuFDD, mutakuri uye anogashira anoshanda panguva imwe chete, uye duplexer inoshandisa mafirita kuparadzanisa inogamuchira kubva kune yakasimba chiratidzo chemupepeti.
Iyo duplexer mumasero FDD kumberi kunopa > ~ 50 dB yekuzviparadzanisa nevamwe muuplink bhendi kudzivirira kuremedza mugamuchiri neTx masiginecha, uye > ~ 50 dB yekuzviparadzanisa nevamwe muiyo downlink bhendi kudzivirira kunze-kwe-bhendi kutapurirana. Kuderedzwa kwekunzwa kwekugamuchira. MuRx bhendi, kurasikirwa mukufambisa uye kugamuchira nzira kushoma.
Izvi zvakadzikira-kurasikirwa, zvakanyanya-kuzviparadzanisa zvinodiwa, uko mafrequency anoparadzaniswa neashoma muzana chete, anoda yakakwirira-Q kusefa, iyo kusvika parizvino inogona kuwanikwa chete uchishandisa surface acoustic wave (SAW) kana body acoustic wave (BAW) zvishandiso.
Nepo tekinoroji ichiramba ichishanduka, nekufambira mberi zvakanyanya nekuda kwenhamba huru yemidziyo inodiwa, kushanda kwe-multi-band kunoreva imwe yakaparadzana off-chip duplex sefa yebhendi rega rega, sezvakaratidzwa muMufananidzo A. zvirango zvekushanda uye kutengesa-offs.
Mafoni epasi rose anotengeka anoenderana nehunyanzvi hwazvino anonetsa kugadzira. Magadzirirwo eredhiyo achave akakura kwazvo, anorasikirwa uye anodhura. Vagadziri vanofanirwa kugadzira akawanda ezvigadzirwa zvakasiyana-siyana zvemusanganiswa wakasiyana wemabhendi anodiwa munzvimbo dzakasiyana, zvichiita kuti kutenderera kwepasi rose LTE kuome. Hupfumi hwemwero hwakatungamira kune hutongi hweGSM huri kuramba huchioma kuwana.
Kuwedzera kudiwa kwemasevhisi ekumhanyisa nharembozha kwakonzera kutumirwa kwe4G nharembozha pamakumi mashanu mabhendi, aine mamwe mabhendi anouya sezvo 5G ichinyatsotsanangurwa uye kuisirwa zvakanyanya. Nekuda kwekuoma kweiyo RF interface, hazvigoneke kuvhara zvese izvi mumudziyo mumwe uchishandisa azvino mafirita-akavakirwa matekinoroji, saka customizable uye gadziriso yeRF maseketi anodiwa.
Sezvineiwo, nzira nyowani yekugadzirisa dambudziko reduplex inodiwa, pamwe zvichibva pamasefa anobatika kana kuzvidzvanyirira, kana kumwe kusanganiswa kwezvose.
Nepo isu tisati tave nenzira imwechete inosangana nezvakawanda zvinodikanwa zvemutengo, saizi, kuita uye kugona, pamwe zvidimbu zvepuzzle zvinouya pamwe chete uye zvichava muhomwe yako mumakore mashoma.
Matekinoroji akadai seEBD ane SI kudzvanyirirwa anogona kuvhura mukana wekushandisa iyo yakafanana frequency mumativi ese maviri panguva imwe chete, iyo inogona zvakanyanya kunatsiridza spectral kunyatsoita.
Nguva yekutumira: Sep-24-2024